Which natural disaster is characterized by the rapid accumulation of water over land?

The correct answer is a flood, which is specifically defined by the rapid accumulation of water over land, often inundating areas that are normally dry. Flooding can occur due to various factors, such as heavy rainfall, melting snow, or the overflow of rivers and lakes. This accumulation of water can happen suddenly, leading to significant damage to properties, infrastructure, and ecosystems, and can pose severe risks to human safety.

In contrast, other natural disasters listed do not primarily involve the immediate and overwhelming presence of water rising over land. Earthquakes primarily involve ground shaking and structural damage rather than water accumulation. Tsunamis, while they involve large volumes of water, are triggered by underwater seismic activity and do not necessarily represent a slow accumulation of water over land. Hurricanes do bring heavy rainfall and can cause flooding, but they are characterized by strong winds and their overall impact is a combination of various factors, not simply rapid water accumulation.